Dyslexia

Reader Review

1. Understanding Dyslexia

            The word dyslexia is taken from the Greek dys which means "tough in the ..." and lex (derived from legein) meaning to speak. So, suffering from dyslexia means to suffer difficulties associated with the word or symbol symbol-writing, or learning disorders experienced by children in terms of reading and writing. Children with dyslexia to see writing as mixed, making it difficult to read and hard to remember. Perhaps, a sentence like, "Vacation Andi joined the school last year to the village where my father home" will be seen by these children: "Liran sekah tan NDI Aah it to kaung halanya" or "Liburansekolah tahunlaluAndiikutayahkekampunghalamannya".

              Dyslexia is a specific disorder include difficulty reading single words separated from the group of words and parts of words (phonemes) in each word or a child's reading ability is below capacity should be, considering the intelligence level, age and education. Diperkirahkan 3 to 5% of children who suffer from this disorder, identified more on boys than girls. Dyslexia tends to decline in the family. Dyslexia is seen as a biological disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read and spell despite conventional instruction was given and to have adequate intelligence (Snowling, 1987). Dyslexia sufferers and general difficulty in distinguishing similar letters such as b, d, q, p, v, u, n, and others. In contrast to the slow learner, the child who was diagnosed with dyslexia have average IQ or above average.

              This disruption is not a form of physical disability, such as vision problems, but leads on how the brain processes and process information that is being read the child. These difficulties are usually only detected after the child enters the school world for some time. Research shows that children who face the greatest difficulties in reading in elementary classes are those who start school with less verbal skill, less phonological understanding, knowledge of the alphabet which is less, and less understanding of the basic purposes and mechanisms of reading (Adams, 1990; Kamhi 1989; Kamhi & Catts 1989; Snowling 1987, 2001).

             The clinical symptoms of dyslexia can be a variety, such as difficult to name objects (anomie) simple ones, such as pencils, spoons, clocks and so forth, when patients know the right thing. In a series of letters to spell or read a certain, usually often upside down, like the left is read or written to Felt, the band is read or written to the brand, it was written or read a UTI, elephants jagah read or written. But apparently dyslexia is not only limited to the ability of ba-ca and write, but can be a disruption to listen or follow directions, can also in expressive or receptive language ability, the ability to read a series of numbers, the ability to remember, ability to learn matemati ka or numeracy, the ability to sing, understand the rhythm of music, and so forth.

             Therefore, according to Kevin, to determine when a child suffering from dyslexia have done a series of therapy by experts. In fact, dyslexia is often accompanied by disturbances of other disorders, such as bed-wetting until the age of four years and over, naughty and likes to bother friends and disrupt the class. Actually, to understand the disorder that occurred in the function of the introduction of reading, letters, and languages, should be understood that the verbal process is a unity that involves so many parts of the brain, such as the power of attention, the power of sensory perception, sensory seen, heard, felt, perspective, motor function or motion as the materialization of ideas for writing, speaking, and language.

                A study by Professor John Stein of Oxford University and Professor Tony Monaco from a center for research on human genes, found three genes associated with dyslexia in blood samples of patients sampled. Research done by studying samples of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, or cell nuclei) that consist of genetic material in the form of blood from 90 families. This discovery proves, dyslexia is due to heredity or congenital. In addition the research also shows the composition of the dyslexia chromosomes closely associated with the control system of immunity. This suggests, sufferers are vulnerable to attack from antibodies.

2. Factors that affect:
            Research John Bradford (1999) in America found indications that 80% of all subjects studied by the agency have a history or background of family members who have Learning Disabilities, and 60% of them have family members who are left-handed. German and Swedish research team menernukan DCDC2 gene in the region koromosom 6. Presumably, an important factor causing dyslexia, because it affects the migration of nerve cells in the brain for several years, child and adolescent psychologist at the University of Marburg and Wurzburg looking for families with a family (at least one child) who have dyslexia. "Then we analyzed blood samples taken from these families to identify candidate genes, and we found it," said Dr. Gerd Schulte Korne, who headed the study.

            Genes are indicated by scientists from the United States and the UK are located in areas koromosom 6. But the German and Swedish have been further and identified a single gene in the region, as found among German children, which is an important factor in the cause of dyslexia. Single gene, according to the team, known as DCDC2 gene. "It appears that this gene affects the migration of nerve cells in the developing brain," said Professor Dr. Mark Nothen of the Life and Brain Centre, University of Bonn, Prof., NSthen and the team responsible for molecular research in this project.

           Changes in gene DCDC2 often found among people with dyslexia. Changes in gene found mostly in children who have problems reading and writing. The gene appears to trigger a strong relationship with the processing of speech information when writing.

3. Types of dyslexia

• According to Yulia Ekawati Tasbita, S. Psi:

Pure a.Disleksia, which includes:

1. Visual dyslexia

Memory impairment caused by visual (eyesight weight). Children with this disorder characterized by completely unable to read the letters and can only be read letter by letter only. Reading or writing a similar letter shapes are often reversed, eg b and p, p with q.

2. Auditory dyslexia

Caused interference with the visual path (vision) - auditory (hearing), in this paper forms are not able to raise the visual imagination of the sound or pronunciation of any words or vice versa where the sound of the word is not able to raise the image of letters / words written.

b.Disleksia not pure

As a result of disruption of the language (difasia). Dyslexia type is called verbal dyslexia, characterized by disturbance in the ability to read quickly and correctly, and the lack of understanding of the meaning that they have read, that it seems besides substandard in reading, a lot of punctuation are ignored, this is also a hint that he actually lack of understanding of what was read.

• According dr.Endang.w.Ghozali:

1. Primary Dyslexia

have difficulty reading, especially in mngintegrasikan letter symbols or words, caused by a biological disorder, 10 percent of children suffer from dyslexia normal berintelegensi primary, comparison boys and girls is 5:1

2. Secondary Dyslexia

interrupted because of the ability to read is affected by anxiety, depression, refusing to read, lack of motivation to learn, self-adjustment disorders or personality disorders. Basic engineering is still a good read, but reading skills are used in a less effective because it is influenced by emotion.

CAUSE

Dyslexia occurs when the brain difficulty of making the relationship between sound and symbol (hurup). This difficulty is caused by problems with lack of understanding with certain brain relationship. The problem was there since birth and can lead to spelling and writing one and reduce the speed and accuracy when reading aloud. People with dyslexia do not have problems understanding spoken language.

SYMPTOMS

School child with dyslexia can not be too late to talk, have articulation problems speaking, and has trouble remembering the names of letters, numbers and colors. Child dyslexia often had difficulty integrating voice, rhythm said, identifying the location of sounds in words, segmenting words into sounds, and recognize the sound of the letters in the word. Delay or hesitation in choosing words. Making a substitute word, naming the numbers and drawings are an early indication of dyslexia. Problems with short-term memory for sound and to put a voice on the appropriate commands are common.

Many children with dyslexia and hurup confused with similar words. reverse letters when writing, for example, on changed to no, and peace be upon him-or replaced with the letter was confusing-for example, b is changed to d, w is changed to m, n is changed to h-frequent. Even so, many children without dyslexia would turn hurup at the time of kindergarten or first level. Children who do not progress in learning skills classes of words in the middle or end of primary school should be tested for Dyslexia.


4. The characteristics of dyslexia1. Motor development is less mature behavior, including behavior-hiperkinetik

2. Impaired vision

3. Short Memory

4. Difficulties in language

5. Low cognitive ability

6. Difficulties in emotional and social maturity.

7. Unable to write to the sound of the symbol to distinguish these symbols.

8. Unable to associate sounds with letter symbols that can not remember which ones should be written symbols for sounds are paired with them.

9. Unable to sign papers in order to prepare correct and in accordance with sound-sound in order to become meaningful words.

10. Unable to write from left to right and also can not write a composition of letters or words in order not to reverse his position.

11. Can not devise or manage the time and space to follow the order.

12. Unable to create eye-hand coordination and focusing kirikanan.

13. It is hard to follow a complex exercise

14. Increased support to the activity of auditory

15. More rests on the ability to listen to the views of proficiency possibility sehinggan

16. Difficult to learn the language, intellectual imbalance

17. No smooth and weak in reading, writing


5. How Dyslexia Happens?

• oversight by this kids a lot in common with the mistake made by adults who deal with aphasia brain damage. The difference is that prey have aphasia have been reading and writing skills but because of perfidy in the brain, he can no longer read and write while the dyslexic children also have never had a reading and writing proficiency.

• Usually this disease has been willing to exist in gene families such childhood. It has been proved by Hallgren (1970), which makes the study on 12 twin pairs and found all these monozygote 12 KES these families faced a problem in reading and spelling during the time of childhood.

• This disease was found attacking many boys than girls with higher levels of 3:1 / 2:1. This is due to boys more responsibility than women

• Dyslexia apply in the development or construction that is growing bit by bit. Certain portion of the brain is not how mature or in other words, growth is not balanced then the brain that causes a party to escort the reading and spelling can no longer function fully.

• Accepted the resistance in the two cerebral Hemisphere in mastering reading and spelling skills. On the left Hemisphere habit that controls the reading but because of the weakness it happens keterbalikan words and letters to the child is dyslexic.

• There are also opinions that say that the problem of dyslexia is caused by the teaching of teachers who are not impressed. This opinion has been challenged on the grounds terrific teachers if the teaching does not fit, of course, there is one set of students in the class who face dyslexia.

• Accepted as a result rencatan pm in the development of a child's language.

Reading errors made by dyslexic

• They are their stories based on images shown even though the story has nothing to do with reading the content.

• Read slowly and teragak-bit.

• Follow the reading with a finger.

• Often missing the reading, as there are missing and hold or read the line twice.

• Read teragak-bit strong but with a single intonation.

• Cuba but called the wrong spelling for example spelling out strict but mention chocolate.

• predict words without thinking it 's significant or not.

• Reading in reverse order eg secure read the names and so forth.

• Arrange with the composition of the wrong word.

• shortened the length of saying that reads kerosakan rosak simple example.

• One read words that have the same form as brother = frog, clothes = slave.

• Replacing other words the same meaning as his father = father.


Oversight by the writings of dyslexia

• Write the letters with the wrong composition of such summons ditulin Sanam.

• Writing in mirror writing.

• Menterbalikkan letters such as b to d.

• Write a speech that was heard for example waste into buwang.

• Using the odd word like mjeik, pojktc and others again.

• Disadvantaged letters in words such as Mother became mother tremble.

• Adding a letter such as pouring a fiance.

• Unable to write letters called.

• Unable to select letters that referred to.

• Unable to adjust the font with the same letter.


ANALYSIS

Dyslexia occurs when the brain difficulty of making the relationship between sound and symbol (hurup). This difficulty is caused by problems with lack of understanding with certain brain relationship. The problem was there since birth and can lead to spelling and writing one and reduce the speed and accuracy when reading aloud. People with dyslexia do not have problems understanding spoken language. Child dyslexia often had difficulty integrating voice, rhythm said, identifying the location of sounds in words, segmenting words into sounds, and recognize the sound of the letters in the word. Diperkirahkan 3 to 5% of children who suffer from this disorder, identified more on boys than girls. Children with dyslexia to see writing as mixed, making it difficult to read and hard to remember.

Reading is the main basis for obtaining the ability to learn in

other fields. This reading process is a complex process

involving the two hemispheres of the brain. The percentage of this Reading Disorders

said amounted to 2-8% of school age children.

Reading Difficulties Children who experience indicates; Inakurasi in reading, such as: Read slowly, word for word compared to his age, tone of voice fluctuated irregularly, often reversed in recognizing letters and words, such as between horses with me, forget the hammer with , b with d, p, q, etc., a mess of words that only a little difference, for example, the smell of the fruit, stone blind, a deer with the day after tomorrow, etc.

, Often repeated and guess the words or phrases.

A poor understanding in reading, in the sense that the child does not understand the story / text to read.



Bibliography

• Ghozali, Endang, W. Learning difficulty. Pdf.Somantri, t, Srtjihati.2005.Psikologi Child Incredible. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama

• Irfan, Arief. Cause of dyslexia gene

• J.H. Menkes, H.B. Sarnat B.L. Maria (2005). Learning Disabilities, in: JH. Menkes, HB. Sarnat (eds). Child neurology, 7th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.

• Marfuah. Reading can be difficult to dyslexia. Nikita Magazine

• Sally Shaywitz, Bennett (2006). Dyslexia, in: KF. Swaiman, S. Ashwal, DM. Ferreier (editors). Pediactric neurology principles and practice, Volume 1, 4th edition, Mosby, Philadelphia

• S. Devaraj, S. Roslan (2006). What is dyslexia, a guide for parents, teachers, and kaunselor, in S. Amyrin (editors). PTS Professional, Kuala Lumpur.

• Discover the potential in children Dyslexia. Media Indonesia